Introduction
Information technology has
been around for a long, long time. Basically as long as people have been
around, information technology has been around because there were always ways
of communicating through technology available at that point in time. There are
4 main ages that divide up the history of information technology. Only the
latest age (electronic) and some of the electromechanical age really affects us
today, but it is important to learn about how we got to the point we are at
with technology today.
Ages
Premechanical
The premechanical age is the
earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between
3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first started
communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known
as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were
developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
As alphabets became more popluar and more people were writing
information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just
marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most
popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from
rags.
Now that people were writing a lot of information down
they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first
books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls
which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of
people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form.
Also during this period were the first numbering systems.
Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India.
However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was
invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with
them so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an
information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.
ElectromechanicalElectronic
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies
that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be
defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of
telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was
created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms
of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first
radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely
crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information
technology field.
The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the
United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This
computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was
programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal?
It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all
the parts to first make them usable by businesses andeventually in your own
home.
The electronic age is wha we currently live in. It can be
defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first
high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full
range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S.
Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1
taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes
to do its calculations.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first
was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating
magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced
vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape,
and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal
storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created
such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with
integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and
magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating
system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language
BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing
units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single
chip. The personal comptuer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user
interface (GUI) was developed.
Together with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes, Zuckerberg launched Facebook from Harvard's dormitory rooms. The group then introduced Facebook onto other campuses nationwide and moved to Palo Alto, California, United States (U.S.) shortly afterwards. In 2007, at the age of 23, Zuckerberg became a billionaire as a result of Facebook and the number of Facebook users worldwide reached a total of one billion in 2012. Zuckerberg was involved in various legal disputes that were initiated by others in the group, who claimed a share of the company based upon their involvement during the development phase of Facebook.
Since 2010, Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year distinction. In 2011, Zuckerberg ranked first on the list of the "Most Influential Jews in the World" by The Jerusalem Post and has since consistently topped the list every year as of 2013. Zuckerberg was played by actor Jesse Eisenberg in the 2010 film The Social Network, in which the rise of Facebook is portrayed.
Career – Facebook:
Zuckerberg
launched Facebook from his Harvard dormitory room on February 4, 2004. An
earlier inspiration for Facebook may have come from Phillips
Exeter Academy, the prep school from which Zuckerberg graduated in 2002. It published
its own student directory, “The Photo Address Book,” which students referred to
as “The Facebook.” Such photo directories were an important part of the student
social experience at many private schools. With them, students were able to
list attributes such as their class years, their friends, and their telephone
numbers.
Once at
college, Zuckerberg's Facebook started off as just a "Harvard thing"
until Zuckerberg decided to spread it to other schools, enlisting the help of
roommate Dustin
Moskovitz. They began
with Stanford, Dartmouth, Columbia, New York
University, Cornell, Penn, Brown and Yale. Samyr Laine, a triple jumper representing Haiti at the 2012
Summer Olympics, shared a room with Zuckerberg during Facebook's founding. "Mark
was clearly on to great things," said Laine, who was Facebook's fourteenth
user.
Zuckerberg
moved to Palo Alto,
California, with Moskovitz and some friends. They leased a small house that served
as an office. Over the summer, Zuckerberg met Peter Thiel who invested in the company. They got their first
office in mid-2004. According to Zuckerberg, the group planned to return to
Harvard but eventually decided to remain in California. They had already turned
down offers by major corporations to buy the company. In an interview in 2007,
Zuckerberg explained his reasoning: "It's not because of the amount of
money. For me and my colleagues, the most important thing is that we create an
open information flow for people. Having media corporations owned by conglomerates is just not an attractive idea
to me." He restated these goals to Wired magazine in 2010: "The thing I really care
about is the mission, making the world open." Earlier, in April 2009,
Zuckerberg sought the advice of former Netscape CFO Peter
Currie about
financing strategies for Facebook. On July 21, 2010, Zuckerberg reported that
the company reached the 500 million-user mark. When asked whether Facebook
could earn more income from advertising as a result of its phenomenal growth,
he explained:
I guess we
could ... If you look at how much of our page is taken up with ads compared to
the average search query. The average for us is a
little less than 10 percent of the pages and the average for search is about 20
percent taken up with ads ... That’s the simplest thing we could do. But we
aren’t like that. We make enough money. Right, I mean, we are keeping things
running; we are growing at the rate we want to.
In 2010, Steven Levy, who authored the 1984 book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, wrote that Zuckerberg
"clearly thinks of himself as a hacker". Zuckerberg said that "it's OK to break things"
"to make them better". Facebook instituted "hackathons"
held every six to eight weeks where participants would have one night to
conceive of and complete a project. The company provided music, food, and beer
at the hackathons, and many Facebook staff members, including Zuckerberg,
regularly attended. "The idea is that you can build something really good
in a night", Zuckerberg told Levy. "And that's part of the
personality of Facebook now ... It's definitely very core to my
personality."
Vanity
Fair magazine
named Zuckerberg number 1 on its 2010 list of the Top 100 "most
influential people of the Information Age". Zuckerberg ranked number 23 on the Vanity
Fair 100 list in 2009. In 2010, Zuckerberg was chosen as number 16 in New Statesman's annual survey of the world's 50
most influential figures.
In a 2011
interview with PBS after the death of Steve Jobs, Zuckerberg said that Jobs had advised him on how
to create a management team at Facebook that was "focused on building as
high quality and good things as you are".
On October
1, 2012, Zuckerberg visited Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow to stimulate social media innovation in
Russia and to boost Facebook's position in the Russian market. Russia's
communications minister tweeted that Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev urged the
social media giant's founder to abandon plans to lure away Russian programmers
and instead consider opening a research center in Moscow. Facebook has roughly
9 million users in Russia, while domestic clone VK has around 34 million.
As part of
the launch campaign for the Facebook Home application software for Android mobile devices, Zuckerberg
appeared in a fictional promotional video in which he congratulates his team on
the development of the software. Rebecca Van Dyck, Facebook's head of consumer
marketing, claimed that 85 million American Facebook users were exposed to the
first day of the Home promotional campaign on April 6, 2013.
On August
19, 2013, the Washington
Post reported
that Zuckerberg’s Facebook profile was hacked by an unemployed web developer.
At the 2013
TechCrunch Disrupt conference, Zuckerberg stated that he is working towards
registering the 5 billion humans who were not connected to the Internet as of
the conference on Facebook. Zuckerberg then explained that this is intertwined
with the aim of the Internet.org project, whereby Facebook, with the support of
other technology companies, seeks to increase the number of people connected to
the internet.